1551
Beginning of Ottoman rule.
1711
Initiation of the Karamanli dynasty.
1832
Abdication of Yusuf Karamanli. Outbreak of civil war.
1835
Ottoman reoccupation. End of Karamanli dynasty.
1842
Sanusi Order establishes first zawiya in Cyrenaica.
1856
Sanusi Order moves to Giarabub and is recognized by the sultan.
1860
Mahmud Nadim Pasha governor until 1866.
1866
Ali Ridha governor until 1870 and again from 1872 to 1874.
1881
Ahmad Rasim Pasha governor until 1896.
Beginning of Ottoman rule.
1711
Initiation of the Karamanli dynasty.
1832
Abdication of Yusuf Karamanli. Outbreak of civil war.
1835
Ottoman reoccupation. End of Karamanli dynasty.
1842
Sanusi Order establishes first zawiya in Cyrenaica.
1856
Sanusi Order moves to Giarabub and is recognized by the sultan.
1860
Mahmud Nadim Pasha governor until 1866.
1866
Ali Ridha governor until 1870 and again from 1872 to 1874.
1881
Ahmad Rasim Pasha governor until 1896.
1896
Namiq Pasha governor until 1898.
1902
Sanusi Order suffers its first military defeat at the hands of the French. Contacts are opened with the Italians.
1904
Marshal Rajib Pasha governor until 1908.
1911
Italians invade Libya.
1912
Congress of Aziziya.
1915
Battle of Qasr Bu Hadi. Idris becomes leader of the Sanusi Order.
Namiq Pasha governor until 1898.
1902
Sanusi Order suffers its first military defeat at the hands of the French. Contacts are opened with the Italians.
1904
Marshal Rajib Pasha governor until 1908.
1911
Italians invade Libya.
1912
Congress of Aziziya.
1915
Battle of Qasr Bu Hadi. Idris becomes leader of the Sanusi Order.
1917
Italian-Sanusi Agreement of Akramah.
1918
Tripoli Republic.
1919
Agreement of Qalat al-Zaytuna between the Italian government and the Tripoli Republic. Italians promulgate the Legge
Fondamentale.
1920
(25 October) Accord of Al-Rajma between the Italian government and Sayyid Muhammad Idris concluded.
1921
(11 November) Italian-Sanusi Accord of By Maryam.
1922
Idris accepts the Amirate of Libya.
1923
Italian government abrogates all Libyan agreements and begins the Riconquista.
1929
Italians unite Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and the Fezzan as one colony known as Libya.
1932
Battle of Hawaria.
1937
First group of state-sponsored Italian settlers arrives in Libya.
1942
British government pledges that Libya will not be returned to Italian control.
Italian-Sanusi Agreement of Akramah.
1918
Tripoli Republic.
1919
Agreement of Qalat al-Zaytuna between the Italian government and the Tripoli Republic. Italians promulgate the Legge
Fondamentale.
1920
(25 October) Accord of Al-Rajma between the Italian government and Sayyid Muhammad Idris concluded.
1921
(11 November) Italian-Sanusi Accord of By Maryam.
1922
Idris accepts the Amirate of Libya.
1923
Italian government abrogates all Libyan agreements and begins the Riconquista.
1929
Italians unite Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and the Fezzan as one colony known as Libya.
1932
Battle of Hawaria.
1937
First group of state-sponsored Italian settlers arrives in Libya.
1942
British government pledges that Libya will not be returned to Italian control.
1943
British and French military forces defeat Italian armies in Libya and establish military administrations to govern their
respective territories.
1949
Big Four Powers turn over disposition of Libyan territories to the United Nations.
British and French military forces defeat Italian armies in Libya and establish military administrations to govern their
respective territories.
1949
Big Four Powers turn over disposition of Libyan territories to the United Nations.
1951
Libya is proclaimed an independent kingdom. Political parties are outlawed.
1952
First general elections held.
1953
Libya joins the Arab League. Anglo-Libyan Agreement concluded.
1954
American-Libyan Agreement concluded. Succession limited by royal decree to the Idris branch of the Sanusi family.
1955
Franco-Libyan Agreement concluded. Libya joins the United Nations.
1959
Major petroleum deposits confirmed at Zelten in Cyrenaica.
1961
First major oil exports.
1962
Libya joins OPEC.
1969
(1 September) Monarchy overthrown by the Libyan Free Unionist Officers movement.
(13 September) Qaddafi nominated president of the Libyan Arab Republic.
(29 October) Libyan government demands withdrawal of British troops and liquidation of their military bases.
Libya is proclaimed an independent kingdom. Political parties are outlawed.
1952
First general elections held.
1953
Libya joins the Arab League. Anglo-Libyan Agreement concluded.
1954
American-Libyan Agreement concluded. Succession limited by royal decree to the Idris branch of the Sanusi family.
1955
Franco-Libyan Agreement concluded. Libya joins the United Nations.
1959
Major petroleum deposits confirmed at Zelten in Cyrenaica.
1961
First major oil exports.
1962
Libya joins OPEC.
1969
(1 September) Monarchy overthrown by the Libyan Free Unionist Officers movement.
(13 September) Qaddafi nominated president of the Libyan Arab Republic.
(29 October) Libyan government demands withdrawal of British troops and liquidation of their military bases.
(30 October) Libyan government demands liquidation of Wheelus Air Force Base.
(14 November) First foreign banks and hospitals in Libya are nationalized
(14 November) First foreign banks and hospitals in Libya are nationalized
(11 December) Constitutional Proclamation promulgated. Libyan citizens have right to work and to equality before the
law. Socialism is the guiding economic philosophy and Islam is the state religion.
(27 December) Tripoli Charter announced uniting Egypt, Libya, and the Sudan.
1970
(28 March) Last British forces evacuated.
(1 May) Labor syndicates dissolved and replaced with Federation of Libyan Arab Republic Workers Unions with each
profession represented by one syndicate.
(5 May) First colloquium of Libyan revolutionaries and intellectuals debates the revolutionary course of the nation.
(16 June) Last American forces evacuate Wheelus Air Force Base, which is renamed 'Uqba bin Nafi.
(21 June) Confiscation of Italian properties and expulsion of Italian workers.
(5 July) Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) issues first major law relating to the nationalization of the oil industry.
(29 November) Tripoli Cathedral converted into the Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque.
(10 December) RCC establishes a Jihad Fund to promote struggle against Israel.
1971
(15 January) Libyan Producer Agreements announced.
(17 April) Federation of Arab Republics unites Egypt, Libya, and Syria.
law. Socialism is the guiding economic philosophy and Islam is the state religion.
(27 December) Tripoli Charter announced uniting Egypt, Libya, and the Sudan.
1970
(28 March) Last British forces evacuated.
(1 May) Labor syndicates dissolved and replaced with Federation of Libyan Arab Republic Workers Unions with each
profession represented by one syndicate.
(5 May) First colloquium of Libyan revolutionaries and intellectuals debates the revolutionary course of the nation.
(16 June) Last American forces evacuate Wheelus Air Force Base, which is renamed 'Uqba bin Nafi.
(21 June) Confiscation of Italian properties and expulsion of Italian workers.
(5 July) Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) issues first major law relating to the nationalization of the oil industry.
(29 November) Tripoli Cathedral converted into the Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque.
(10 December) RCC establishes a Jihad Fund to promote struggle against Israel.
1971
(15 January) Libyan Producer Agreements announced.
(17 April) Federation of Arab Republics unites Egypt, Libya, and Syria.
(1 September) People's Bureaus begin to replace Libyan embassies throughout the world. The initial takeovers are
staged in Rome, Paris, London, Bonn, Madrid, and Valletta. Qaddafi explains that embassies represent government
bodies when government has disappeared in Libya and been replaced with the authority of the people.
(2 December) Mobs attack U.S. embassy in Tripoli, setting it on fire.
(Fall) Revolutionary Committees publish first issues of al-Zahf al-Akhdar.
1980
(30 January) Tunisia announces that it is expelling the Libyan ambassador and withdrawing the head of the Tunisian
diplomatic mission in Tripoli in reaction to an apparent Libyan-sponsored commando attack on the Tunisian phosphate
mining town of Gafsa. More than forty persons are killled in the attack. Libyan citizens, protesting French support of
Tunisia in the ensuing diplomatic confrontation, attack and burn the French embassy in Tripoli.
(7 February) The U.S. embassy in Tripoli effectively closes. Six embassy staff are recalled, leaving only an
administrative officer to look after U.S. property and the needs of some 2,500 Americans working in Libya. A
Department of State spokesman says the move is being taken to prevent an attack on the embassy after a U.S.
announcement that it is speeding up military aid to Tunisia.
(4 May) Four Libyan diplomats are ordered to leave the United States for allegedly attempting to intimidate Libyan
expatriates. Several Libyan dissidents living in Europe are assassinated in the course of the year.
staged in Rome, Paris, London, Bonn, Madrid, and Valletta. Qaddafi explains that embassies represent government
bodies when government has disappeared in Libya and been replaced with the authority of the people.
(2 December) Mobs attack U.S. embassy in Tripoli, setting it on fire.
(Fall) Revolutionary Committees publish first issues of al-Zahf al-Akhdar.
1980
(30 January) Tunisia announces that it is expelling the Libyan ambassador and withdrawing the head of the Tunisian
diplomatic mission in Tripoli in reaction to an apparent Libyan-sponsored commando attack on the Tunisian phosphate
mining town of Gafsa. More than forty persons are killled in the attack. Libyan citizens, protesting French support of
Tunisia in the ensuing diplomatic confrontation, attack and burn the French embassy in Tripoli.
(7 February) The U.S. embassy in Tripoli effectively closes. Six embassy staff are recalled, leaving only an
administrative officer to look after U.S. property and the needs of some 2,500 Americans working in Libya. A
Department of State spokesman says the move is being taken to prevent an attack on the embassy after a U.S.
announcement that it is speeding up military aid to Tunisia.
(4 May) Four Libyan diplomats are ordered to leave the United States for allegedly attempting to intimidate Libyan
expatriates. Several Libyan dissidents living in Europe are assassinated in the course of the year.
(8 June) Libya accuses the United States of infringing on its 100-mile restricted air space off the Mediterranean coast.
(11 June) Bunker Hunt Oil nationalized.
(18 July) Green March to the Egyptian frontier in support of Libyan union with Egypt.
(11 August) Libya nationalizes 51 percent of Occidental Petroleum followed shortly by the nationalization of 51 percent
of all foreign oil companies.
(6 October) Third Arab-Israeli War, known as the Ramadan or Yom Kippur War, begins.
(26 October) Libya embargoes oil exports to the United States because of U.S. support for Israel.
1974
(12 January) Creation of the Arab Islamic Republic by Libya and Tunisia. The Tunisian president quickly repudiates
the agreement.
(11 February) Libya nationalizes three U.S. oil companies: Texaco, Libyan American Oil Company, and California
Asiatic.
(May) Jalloud makes official visit to Soviet Union and concludes first major Soviet-Libyan arms agreement.
(6 September) Popular revolution revitalized.
(4-9 November) Second congress of the Arab Socialist Union meets.
1975
(3 January) Libya lifts oil embargo against the United States.
(5 April) Twenty-two military officers implicated in an abortive August 1975 coup attempt are publicly executed.
(21-24 July) Egypt-Libya border war.
(November) Third session of the General People's Congress. Publication of part two of The Green Book, "The Solution
of the Economic Problem Socialism."
(6 November) First revolutionary committee established in Tripoli.
(1-5 December) Creation of the Steadfastness and Confrontation Front between Libya, Algeria, Syria, and the Palestine
Liberation Front.
1978
(2 March) General People's Committee replaces cabinet.
(6 May) New real estate regulations virtually eliminate ownership of rental properties.
(1 September) Qaddafi exhorts workers to assume management of their places of employment. Banking and petroleum
sectors are excluded from such measures. Qaddafi calls for the establishment of revolutionary committees outside Libya.
(19 December) Qaddafi resigns as secretary general of the General People's Congress to dedicate more time to
intensifying the revolution.
1979
(January) Libyan intervention in Uganda.
(1 June) Publication of part three of The Green Book, entitled "The Social Basis of the Third Universal Theory."
(11 June) Bunker Hunt Oil nationalized.
(18 July) Green March to the Egyptian frontier in support of Libyan union with Egypt.
(11 August) Libya nationalizes 51 percent of Occidental Petroleum followed shortly by the nationalization of 51 percent
of all foreign oil companies.
(6 October) Third Arab-Israeli War, known as the Ramadan or Yom Kippur War, begins.
(26 October) Libya embargoes oil exports to the United States because of U.S. support for Israel.
1974
(12 January) Creation of the Arab Islamic Republic by Libya and Tunisia. The Tunisian president quickly repudiates
the agreement.
(11 February) Libya nationalizes three U.S. oil companies: Texaco, Libyan American Oil Company, and California
Asiatic.
(May) Jalloud makes official visit to Soviet Union and concludes first major Soviet-Libyan arms agreement.
(6 September) Popular revolution revitalized.
(4-9 November) Second congress of the Arab Socialist Union meets.
1975
(3 January) Libya lifts oil embargo against the United States.
(5 April) Twenty-two military officers implicated in an abortive August 1975 coup attempt are publicly executed.
(21-24 July) Egypt-Libya border war.
(November) Third session of the General People's Congress. Publication of part two of The Green Book, "The Solution
of the Economic Problem Socialism."
(6 November) First revolutionary committee established in Tripoli.
(1-5 December) Creation of the Steadfastness and Confrontation Front between Libya, Algeria, Syria, and the Palestine
Liberation Front.
1978
(2 March) General People's Committee replaces cabinet.
(6 May) New real estate regulations virtually eliminate ownership of rental properties.
(1 September) Qaddafi exhorts workers to assume management of their places of employment. Banking and petroleum
sectors are excluded from such measures. Qaddafi calls for the establishment of revolutionary committees outside Libya.
(19 December) Qaddafi resigns as secretary general of the General People's Congress to dedicate more time to
intensifying the revolution.
1979
(January) Libyan intervention in Uganda.
(1 June) Publication of part three of The Green Book, entitled "The Social Basis of the Third Universal Theory."
1980 (cont.)
(14 July) Billy Carter, brother of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, registers as a foreign agent of the Libyan government
under protest to avoid a federal grand jury investigation. Qaddafi later defends the Libyan relationship with the brother
of President Carter, saying that a $220,000 loan to Billy Carter was related to business transactions carried out during
visits to Libya in 1978 and 1979.
(6-20 August) Military unit near Tobruk revolts. Libyan authorities deny reports of insurgency.
(1 September) Qaddafi proposes a merger with Syria and threatens to resign and join the fedayeen in Palestine if his
proposal is rejected. The Syrian government immediately accepts the proposal, and the two governments declare their
intention to work toward a unified government. A 13-point statement indicates that a unitary state with a single identity
on the international level will be formed. Hostile to Zionism, imperialism, and reaction, the new state is described as a
base for the Arab revolutionary movement and a nucleus for total Arab unity.
(3 October) Military confrontation off the Libyan coast as U.S. fighter jets challenge Libyan fighters threatening a
reconnaissance plane.
(Fall) Libyan regular army units deployed in Chad. France warns Libya against further military intervention in the civil
war in Chad and says it is ready to support African moves to maintain Chad's unity and independence. A growing
number of African states also voice concern over Libyan intervention especially after Libyan forces occupy Ndjamena,
the capital of Chad, in mid-December.
(14 July) Billy Carter, brother of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, registers as a foreign agent of the Libyan government
under protest to avoid a federal grand jury investigation. Qaddafi later defends the Libyan relationship with the brother
of President Carter, saying that a $220,000 loan to Billy Carter was related to business transactions carried out during
visits to Libya in 1978 and 1979.
(6-20 August) Military unit near Tobruk revolts. Libyan authorities deny reports of insurgency.
(1 September) Qaddafi proposes a merger with Syria and threatens to resign and join the fedayeen in Palestine if his
proposal is rejected. The Syrian government immediately accepts the proposal, and the two governments declare their
intention to work toward a unified government. A 13-point statement indicates that a unitary state with a single identity
on the international level will be formed. Hostile to Zionism, imperialism, and reaction, the new state is described as a
base for the Arab revolutionary movement and a nucleus for total Arab unity.
(3 October) Military confrontation off the Libyan coast as U.S. fighter jets challenge Libyan fighters threatening a
reconnaissance plane.
(Fall) Libyan regular army units deployed in Chad. France warns Libya against further military intervention in the civil
war in Chad and says it is ready to support African moves to maintain Chad's unity and independence. A growing
number of African states also voice concern over Libyan intervention especially after Libyan forces occupy Ndjamena,
the capital of Chad, in mid-December.
1981
(3 January) Libya unfolds its 1981-1985 development plan, which calls for expenditures of LD18,500 million (U.S.
$62,479 million), more than double the amount allocated for the previous five-year plan (1975-1980). The new fiveyear
plan is presented to the annual meeting of the General People's Congress, which criticizes the performance of some
secretariats during the last plan period.
(20 March) The secretary-general of the general secretariat of the General People's Congress announces that the private
sector is to be entirely abolished by the end of the year. All foreign trade has already been nationalized and large
supermarkets have been set up to replace privately run shops. The official Jamahiriya Arab News Agency later
announces that privately owned textile, shoe, and household appliance shops must close by 28 March. Private butcher
shops must close by 30 April and grocery stores by 21 December. The closures are in line with Libya's policy to
eliminate the private sector. Private shops are replaced with state-owned supermarkets managed by the National General
Markets Company.
(6 May) The U.S. government orders Libya to close its diplomatic mission in Washington and remove the mission stafffrom the country. A State Department statement cites a wide range of Libyan provocations and misconduct, includingsupport for international terrorism, in support of the closure.
(3 January) Libya unfolds its 1981-1985 development plan, which calls for expenditures of LD18,500 million (U.S.
$62,479 million), more than double the amount allocated for the previous five-year plan (1975-1980). The new fiveyear
plan is presented to the annual meeting of the General People's Congress, which criticizes the performance of some
secretariats during the last plan period.
(20 March) The secretary-general of the general secretariat of the General People's Congress announces that the private
sector is to be entirely abolished by the end of the year. All foreign trade has already been nationalized and large
supermarkets have been set up to replace privately run shops. The official Jamahiriya Arab News Agency later
announces that privately owned textile, shoe, and household appliance shops must close by 28 March. Private butcher
shops must close by 30 April and grocery stores by 21 December. The closures are in line with Libya's policy to
eliminate the private sector. Private shops are replaced with state-owned supermarkets managed by the National General
Markets Company.
(6 May) The U.S. government orders Libya to close its diplomatic mission in Washington and remove the mission stafffrom the country. A State Department statement cites a wide range of Libyan provocations and misconduct, includingsupport for international terrorism, in support of the closure.
(19 August) U.S. aircraft shoot down two Libyan aircraft over the disputed Gulf of Sidra. Qaddafi later threatens toattack U.S. nuclear depots and cause an international catastrophe if U.S. forces again attack Libyan aircraft in the Gulf of Sidra.
1982
(12 March) U.S. government bans all exports to Libya with the exception of food and medicine.
(13 December) Qaddafi announces that all Libyan military personnel will be demobilized and replaced by a People's
Army.
1983
(June) Libya again invades Chad.
1984
(4 March) Revival of assassination campaign against dissidents living abroad. A Libyan businessman and three other
Libyans in London are charged in connection with a series of weekend bombings believed to be aimed at opponents of
Libyan leader Qaddafi.
(18 April) London police besiege Libyan embassy. A policewoman is killed and 11 others are injured when shots are
fired from inside the embassy. Qaddafi later claims that London police, not Libyan diplomats, are responsible for the
death of the policewoman. Great Britain breaks diplomatic relations with Libya and closes the Libyan embassy.
(13 August) Treaty of Oujda signed by Libya and Morocco declares a union between the two states. Through the treaty,
Morocco obtains an end to Libyan aid to the Polisario and Libya an end to Moroccan support for French forces in Chad.
(12 March) U.S. government bans all exports to Libya with the exception of food and medicine.
(13 December) Qaddafi announces that all Libyan military personnel will be demobilized and replaced by a People's
Army.
1983
(June) Libya again invades Chad.
1984
(4 March) Revival of assassination campaign against dissidents living abroad. A Libyan businessman and three other
Libyans in London are charged in connection with a series of weekend bombings believed to be aimed at opponents of
Libyan leader Qaddafi.
(18 April) London police besiege Libyan embassy. A policewoman is killed and 11 others are injured when shots are
fired from inside the embassy. Qaddafi later claims that London police, not Libyan diplomats, are responsible for the
death of the policewoman. Great Britain breaks diplomatic relations with Libya and closes the Libyan embassy.
(13 August) Treaty of Oujda signed by Libya and Morocco declares a union between the two states. Through the treaty,
Morocco obtains an end to Libyan aid to the Polisario and Libya an end to Moroccan support for French forces in Chad.
(18 September) France and Libya announce a mutual phased withdrawal of their troops from Chad. (France had sent 3,000 troops to Chad in August 1983 to prevent the overthrow of the government by Libyan-backed rebels.) France and Libya later announce the completion of the mutual withdrawal of troops from Chad in mid-November 1984. Evidence
soon surfaces to suggest Libyan troops remain in northern Chad.
(30 November) Malta and Libya sign a five-year treaty for security and military cooperation that calls for Libya to
defend Malta if the Mediterranean island nation requests assistance. The agreement also calls for Libya to train Maltese
military personnel and prohibits the participation of either signatory in a military alliance that might affect the security
interests of the other.
1985
(July-September) Libyan government expels several thousand guest workers.
1986
(8 January) U.S. government increases economic sanctions on Libya in the wake of late-1985 attacks on Rome and
Vienna airports and later carries out air strikes against targets around Tripoli and Benghazi.
(29 August) Morocco unilaterally withdraws from its union with Libya.
1987
(1 January) Qaddafi declares al-Jufra the new capital of Libya.
(6 August) Libyan forces begin to advance on Chad.
(19 August) Qaddafi inaugurates the Brega concrete pipe factory, a center for the production of pipes for the Great Manmade River project.
(5 September) Chad claims to have invaded Libya for the first time and occupies the Matan al-Sarra airbase 60 miles north of the frontier.
(30 November) Malta and Libya sign a five-year treaty for security and military cooperation that calls for Libya to
defend Malta if the Mediterranean island nation requests assistance. The agreement also calls for Libya to train Maltese
military personnel and prohibits the participation of either signatory in a military alliance that might affect the security
interests of the other.
1985
(July-September) Libyan government expels several thousand guest workers.
1986
(8 January) U.S. government increases economic sanctions on Libya in the wake of late-1985 attacks on Rome and
Vienna airports and later carries out air strikes against targets around Tripoli and Benghazi.
(29 August) Morocco unilaterally withdraws from its union with Libya.
1987
(1 January) Qaddafi declares al-Jufra the new capital of Libya.
(6 August) Libyan forces begin to advance on Chad.
(19 August) Qaddafi inaugurates the Brega concrete pipe factory, a center for the production of pipes for the Great Manmade River project.
(5 September) Chad claims to have invaded Libya for the first time and occupies the Matan al-Sarra airbase 60 miles north of the frontier.
(11 September) Libya and Chad agree to a cease-fire in response to an Organization of African Unity appeal.
(17 September) Qaddafi declares an end to the war with Chad after claiming victories at Matan al-Sarra and in the
Aouzou strip.
(24 September) Libya and Chad submit their border dispute to the Organization of African Unity for mediation.
(22 November) Thirteenth session of the General People's Congress. Qaddafi criticizes Revolutionary Committees for
too much enthusiam.
(5 December) Libya and South Yemen conclude an agreement establishing the Libyan Arab-Yemeni Holding Company.
(28 December) Libya and Tunisia restore diplomatic ties broken in September 1985 after the expulsion by Libya of
some 35,000 Tunisian laborers.
1988
(28 January) Qaddafi denounces the Muslim Brotherhood calling it the worst of God's enemies and accusing it of
destroying the Arab nation.
(31 March) The Tobruk oil refinery at al-Batan opens with a capacity of 220,000 barrels a day.
(4 August) The People's General Committee for Industry announces that ownership of factories will be transferred to workers.
(31 August) Libya announces plans to abolish both the regular army and the police and to replace them with an armed people whose service would be voluntary.
(17 September) Qaddafi declares an end to the war with Chad after claiming victories at Matan al-Sarra and in the
Aouzou strip.
(24 September) Libya and Chad submit their border dispute to the Organization of African Unity for mediation.
(22 November) Thirteenth session of the General People's Congress. Qaddafi criticizes Revolutionary Committees for
too much enthusiam.
(5 December) Libya and South Yemen conclude an agreement establishing the Libyan Arab-Yemeni Holding Company.
(28 December) Libya and Tunisia restore diplomatic ties broken in September 1985 after the expulsion by Libya of
some 35,000 Tunisian laborers.
1988
(28 January) Qaddafi denounces the Muslim Brotherhood calling it the worst of God's enemies and accusing it of
destroying the Arab nation.
(31 March) The Tobruk oil refinery at al-Batan opens with a capacity of 220,000 barrels a day.
(4 August) The People's General Committee for Industry announces that ownership of factories will be transferred to workers.
(31 August) Libya announces plans to abolish both the regular army and the police and to replace them with an armed people whose service would be voluntary.
suggests it will not comply with the Council's demand that it turn over for trial the two Libyan agents indicted for these
acts.
1992 (cont.)
(21 January) United States charges that Libya is expanding its chemical weapons program and dispersing chemical
stockpiles to avoid detection.
(22 January) Germany announces that in December 1991 it seized a cargo of dual-use parts and equipment
manufactured in the United States and destined for Libya. The Libyan government later denies any connection to the
cargo seized in Germany.
(3 February) International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Libya has informed its director general that all
Libyan nuclear facilities are open for IAEA inspection.
(15 April) Japan, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden ask Libyan diplomats to leave their countries and flights are
canceled to Libya as UN sanctions take effect. The sanctions, which block arms sales and air travel to Libya and call for
the expulsion of Libyan diplomats, are designed to pressure Libya into handing over the two citizens suspected of
bombing Pan Am Flight 103 and U.T.A. Flight 772.
(9 June) Libya relays information to the British government concerning past contacts with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The Foreign Office comments that it will take weeks to assess the information and determine whether Libya has complied fully with Britain's request for information on IRA contacts, arms shipments, and other assistance. Britain later describes the information provided by Libya as incomplete and unsatisfactory in
acts.
1992 (cont.)
(21 January) United States charges that Libya is expanding its chemical weapons program and dispersing chemical
stockpiles to avoid detection.
(22 January) Germany announces that in December 1991 it seized a cargo of dual-use parts and equipment
manufactured in the United States and destined for Libya. The Libyan government later denies any connection to the
cargo seized in Germany.
(3 February) International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Libya has informed its director general that all
Libyan nuclear facilities are open for IAEA inspection.
(15 April) Japan, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden ask Libyan diplomats to leave their countries and flights are
canceled to Libya as UN sanctions take effect. The sanctions, which block arms sales and air travel to Libya and call for
the expulsion of Libyan diplomats, are designed to pressure Libya into handing over the two citizens suspected of
bombing Pan Am Flight 103 and U.T.A. Flight 772.
(9 June) Libya relays information to the British government concerning past contacts with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The Foreign Office comments that it will take weeks to assess the information and determine whether Libya has complied fully with Britain's request for information on IRA contacts, arms shipments, and other assistance. Britain later describes the information provided by Libya as incomplete and unsatisfactory in
(3 October) Chad and Libya announce plans to restore diplomatic ties.
(25 October) U.S. Central Intelligence Agency accuses Libya of building a chemical weapons plant. Qaddafi says the
plant in question will produce medicine.
(3 November) Qaddafi outlines plans to restructure the armed forces into three separate branches: regular army units
called "Jamahiriya Guards," conscripts with a compulsory service of two years, and part-time recruits.
(21 December) Pan Am Flight 103 explodes over Lockerbie, Scotland.
(26 December) The Arab League Council warns the U.S. of repercussions in its relations with the Arab world if it
should again attack Libya.
1989
(4 January) United States downs two more Libyan aircraft over the Mediterranean Sea.
(16 January) Qaddafi calls for the dissolution of the Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA), the security service, the national
sports organization, and several other state bodies. He also notes that decisions to abolish such bodies cannot be taken
unilaterally.
(19 January) U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces plans for the modification of trade regulations to allow U.S.companies to resume operations in Libya.
(20 January) Libya cancels a World Cup soccer match conceding victory to Algeria because the two teams "are in fact one team."
(25 October) U.S. Central Intelligence Agency accuses Libya of building a chemical weapons plant. Qaddafi says the
plant in question will produce medicine.
(3 November) Qaddafi outlines plans to restructure the armed forces into three separate branches: regular army units
called "Jamahiriya Guards," conscripts with a compulsory service of two years, and part-time recruits.
(21 December) Pan Am Flight 103 explodes over Lockerbie, Scotland.
(26 December) The Arab League Council warns the U.S. of repercussions in its relations with the Arab world if it
should again attack Libya.
1989
(4 January) United States downs two more Libyan aircraft over the Mediterranean Sea.
(16 January) Qaddafi calls for the dissolution of the Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA), the security service, the national
sports organization, and several other state bodies. He also notes that decisions to abolish such bodies cannot be taken
unilaterally.
(19 January) U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces plans for the modification of trade regulations to allow U.S.companies to resume operations in Libya.
(20 January) Libya cancels a World Cup soccer match conceding victory to Algeria because the two teams "are in fact one team."
(17 February) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia create the Arab Maghrib Union.
(8 March) Qaddafi complains that movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood are trying to obtain power through the
use of religion. He argues that rule in the name of religion would be disastrous for society.
(11 June) Announcement of the creation of the Qaddafi International Prize for Human Rights with jailed black South
African activist Nelson Mandela as the first winner.
(1 September) Twentieth anniversary of the Libyan revolution. Libya agrees to submit Aouzou dispute to the
International Court of Justice.
(16 October) Qaddafi visits Egypt for the first time in 16 years.
(25 October) Qaddafi admits that Libya has supported groups accused of terrorism but claims such aid was halted when
it became apparent that these groups were doing more harm than good and were working for themselves rather than for
all Arabs.
(28 October) Libya warns Italy it will press for reparations unless Rome pays for the thousands of Libyans killed,
injured, or deported during the 1911-1943 period of colonial rule.
1990
(March) U.S. government calls for pressure on Libya to end chemical arms production. Libya denies it is producing chemical weapons and says it is ready to take part in international initiatives against chemical warfare. A fire at the ontroversial chemical plant at Rabta, 45 miles southwest of Tripoli, kills two people.
(8 March) Qaddafi complains that movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood are trying to obtain power through the
use of religion. He argues that rule in the name of religion would be disastrous for society.
(11 June) Announcement of the creation of the Qaddafi International Prize for Human Rights with jailed black South
African activist Nelson Mandela as the first winner.
(1 September) Twentieth anniversary of the Libyan revolution. Libya agrees to submit Aouzou dispute to the
International Court of Justice.
(16 October) Qaddafi visits Egypt for the first time in 16 years.
(25 October) Qaddafi admits that Libya has supported groups accused of terrorism but claims such aid was halted when
it became apparent that these groups were doing more harm than good and were working for themselves rather than for
all Arabs.
(28 October) Libya warns Italy it will press for reparations unless Rome pays for the thousands of Libyans killed,
injured, or deported during the 1911-1943 period of colonial rule.
1990
(March) U.S. government calls for pressure on Libya to end chemical arms production. Libya denies it is producing chemical weapons and says it is ready to take part in international initiatives against chemical warfare. A fire at the ontroversial chemical plant at Rabta, 45 miles southwest of Tripoli, kills two people.
1990 (cont.)
(5 March) Libya and Sudan agree to sign integration pacts paving the way for possible union in four years.
(22 March) Czechoslovakian government reveals that the country's former communist government sold Libya 1,000
tons of Semtex, an odorless explosive often used by terrorists.
(26 March) Chad accuses Libyan-backed rebels of attacking two government garrisons on its eastern border with Sudan.
(1 April) Ethiopia expels two Libyan diplomats after a minor explosion at an Addis Ababa hotel.
(3 April) Qaddafi states that Jewish emigrants should go to the Baltic republics, Alaska, or Alsace-Lorraine but not to
Israel.
(April) France credits Qaddafi with assisting in the release of three European hostages.
(11 June) China denies it is helping Libya or any other country to develop chemical weapons.
(12 June) Qaddafi decrees the formation of the People's Guard.
(16 June) Libya denies it was behind a riot of Shiite Muslims in southern Thailand.
(31 August) Aouzou strip dispute submitted to the International Court of Justice.
(11 September) Jamahiriya News Agency announces establishment of the first union of Libyan journalists.
(11 October) Nine European and North African states, including Libya, forge a regional structure to promote political
stability and economic development in the Mediterranean region.
1991
(11 March) Washington admits that a two-year-old secret paramilitary program to destabilize the Libyan government
with Libyan commandos trained by the U.S. has ended in failure.
(30 March) Qaddafi, in pursuit of the elusive goal of Arab unity, uses a bulldozer to knock down a border gate between
Libya and Egypt.
(28 August) Qaddafi hosts a celebration marking the opening of the Great Manmade River, a pipeline for transporting
water from wells in eastern and central Libya to the coast.
(October) Western sources renew claims that Libya was behind the 1988 bombing of a Pan American airliner over
Scotland.
(18 November) Libya denies a German television report that it is building a huge underground storage bunker for
chemical and nuclear weapons.
(November) United States claims to have fresh evidence that Libya is again producing poison gas at Rabta as well as
building a factory nearby for the manufacture of chemical weapons.
1992
(21 January) UN Security Council unanimously approves Resolution 731 which in effect tells Libya to cooperate with the investigation that Britain, France, and the United States are conducting into the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and U.T.A. Flight 772 over Niger. Libya
(5 March) Libya and Sudan agree to sign integration pacts paving the way for possible union in four years.
(22 March) Czechoslovakian government reveals that the country's former communist government sold Libya 1,000
tons of Semtex, an odorless explosive often used by terrorists.
(26 March) Chad accuses Libyan-backed rebels of attacking two government garrisons on its eastern border with Sudan.
(1 April) Ethiopia expels two Libyan diplomats after a minor explosion at an Addis Ababa hotel.
(3 April) Qaddafi states that Jewish emigrants should go to the Baltic republics, Alaska, or Alsace-Lorraine but not to
Israel.
(April) France credits Qaddafi with assisting in the release of three European hostages.
(11 June) China denies it is helping Libya or any other country to develop chemical weapons.
(12 June) Qaddafi decrees the formation of the People's Guard.
(16 June) Libya denies it was behind a riot of Shiite Muslims in southern Thailand.
(31 August) Aouzou strip dispute submitted to the International Court of Justice.
(11 September) Jamahiriya News Agency announces establishment of the first union of Libyan journalists.
(11 October) Nine European and North African states, including Libya, forge a regional structure to promote political
stability and economic development in the Mediterranean region.
1991
(11 March) Washington admits that a two-year-old secret paramilitary program to destabilize the Libyan government
with Libyan commandos trained by the U.S. has ended in failure.
(30 March) Qaddafi, in pursuit of the elusive goal of Arab unity, uses a bulldozer to knock down a border gate between
Libya and Egypt.
(28 August) Qaddafi hosts a celebration marking the opening of the Great Manmade River, a pipeline for transporting
water from wells in eastern and central Libya to the coast.
(October) Western sources renew claims that Libya was behind the 1988 bombing of a Pan American airliner over
Scotland.
(18 November) Libya denies a German television report that it is building a huge underground storage bunker for
chemical and nuclear weapons.
(November) United States claims to have fresh evidence that Libya is again producing poison gas at Rabta as well as
building a factory nearby for the manufacture of chemical weapons.
1992
(21 January) UN Security Council unanimously approves Resolution 731 which in effect tells Libya to cooperate with the investigation that Britain, France, and the United States are conducting into the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, and U.T.A. Flight 772 over Niger. Libya
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